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  "source": "independently verified native state; original descriptions retain imported attribution",
  "id": "P-OPP-01923",
  "title": "Cover roads and rooftops with transparent solar skins",
  "done_when": "",
  "criteria_revision": null,
  "summary": "Independent review by claude-independent-prior-art-reviewer-20261106: No open or discoverable transparent solar skin covers roads or rooftops at scale, so the Main KPI of 200,000,000 buildings with solar skins is unmet. Transparent photovoltaics are bounded at about 21 percent single-junction efficiency for UV and near-infrared harvesting at full visible transparency (Lunt, Appl Phys Lett 2012; 20.6 percent in a 2023 Energy and Environmental Science analysis, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ee/d2ee04137e), and achieved devices sit far below that. Ubiquitous Energy's coating, with AGC and NSG development agreements, reached up to about two-thirds of conventional output at about 20 percent extra window cost, but the visible deployment is about 100 square feet at its own headquarters and pilot projects (https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/agc-ubiquitous-energy-partner-for-transparent-solar-glass/). Solar roads have failed in practice: the 2,800-panel Wattway road in Normandy produced about half its expected 150,000 kWh, with up to a tenth too damaged to repair, and Colas called it not mature for inter-urban traffic (https://brusselstimes.com/61291/after-nearly-three-years-first-solar-road-fails-to-meet-expectations). Building-integrated PV is a US$23 to 31 billion market but about two-thirds roofing products, not transparent skins (https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/17/3063092/28124/en/Building-Integrated-Photovoltaics-Market-Forecast-2025-2030-with-TrinaSolar-Onyx-Solar-AGC-Solarday-Mitrex-Polysolar-Kyocera-MetSolar-SunTegra-Solar-SolarScape-Jinko-Solar-and-more.html). Honest limit: opaque BIPV and semi-transparent PV glass are known products, so tasks that reproduce them are known answers; the open work is durable, highly transparent, affordable skins near the theoretical limit, and each task needs its own basis. (open solution found: no; known answer: no; 6 project-level searches of api.github.com/search/repositories, export.arxiv.org/api/query, api.crossref.org/works; draft 2c4ecd8a6a15d95c2147dcea973f675caf083c9515d7c6eec5c001138a3c7c38, source 63230e50e5c8504731df16da72aacbeb526e1ca35f14b3810294f63a61e09adb)",
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  "prior_art": {
    "basis": "Independent review by claude-independent-prior-art-reviewer-20261106: No open or discoverable transparent solar skin covers roads or rooftops at scale, so the Main KPI of 200,000,000 buildings with solar skins is unmet. Transparent photovoltaics are bounded at about 21 percent single-junction efficiency for UV and near-infrared harvesting at full visible transparency (Lunt, Appl Phys Lett 2012; 20.6 percent in a 2023 Energy and Environmental Science analysis, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/ee/d2ee04137e), and achieved devices sit far below that. Ubiquitous Energy's coating, with AGC and NSG development agreements, reached up to about two-thirds of conventional output at about 20 percent extra window cost, but the visible deployment is about 100 square feet at its own headquarters and pilot projects (https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/agc-ubiquitous-energy-partner-for-transparent-solar-glass/). Solar roads have failed in practice: the 2,800-panel Wattway road in Normandy produced about half its expected 150,000 kWh, with up to a tenth too damaged to repair, and Colas called it not mature for inter-urban traffic (https://brusselstimes.com/61291/after-nearly-three-years-first-solar-road-fails-to-meet-expectations). Building-integrated PV is a US$23 to 31 billion market but about two-thirds roofing products, not transparent skins (https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/17/3063092/28124/en/Building-Integrated-Photovoltaics-Market-Forecast-2025-2030-with-TrinaSolar-Onyx-Solar-AGC-Solarday-Mitrex-Polysolar-Kyocera-MetSolar-SunTegra-Solar-SolarScape-Jinko-Solar-and-more.html). Honest limit: opaque BIPV and semi-transparent PV glass are known products, so tasks that reproduce them are known answers; the open work is durable, highly transparent, affordable skins near the theoretical limit, and each task needs its own basis. (open solution found: no; known answer: no; 6 project-level searches of api.github.com/search/repositories, export.arxiv.org/api/query, api.crossref.org/works; draft 2c4ecd8a6a15d95c2147dcea973f675caf083c9515d7c6eec5c001138a3c7c38, source 63230e50e5c8504731df16da72aacbeb526e1ca35f14b3810294f63a61e09adb)",
    "searches": [
      "api.github.com/search/repositories \"cover roads rooftops transparent solar skins\" url=https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=cover%20roads%20rooftops%20transparent%20solar%20skins&per_page=10 sha256=4af480b8ee5b87b369a76c49bd22c9a783908272ebffbe97898f8ab0f0772a5f",
      "export.arxiv.org/api/query \"cover roads rooftops transparent solar skins\" url=https://export.arxiv.org/api/query?search_query=all%3Acover%20AND%20all%3Aroads%20AND%20all%3Arooftops%20AND%20all%3Atransparent%20AND%20all%3Asolar%20AND%20all%3Askins&start=0&max_results=10 sha256=ca7f183c66700487b8f7b3f55e5c70f692fc416ebbd98333eeb0aa1edf04d055",
      "api.crossref.org/works \"cover roads rooftops transparent solar skins\" url=https://api.crossref.org/works?query=cover%20roads%20rooftops%20transparent%20solar%20skins&rows=10&select=DOI,title sha256=9f1282ba2e33fbb6f87e54c175cbeb71a930e16abc3a37f006fabc9e1cff558e",
      "api.github.com/search/repositories \"cover roads rooftops clean energy power\" url=https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=cover%20roads%20rooftops%20clean%20energy%20power&per_page=10 sha256=4af480b8ee5b87b369a76c49bd22c9a783908272ebffbe97898f8ab0f0772a5f",
      "export.arxiv.org/api/query \"cover roads rooftops clean energy power\" url=https://export.arxiv.org/api/query?search_query=all%3Acover%20AND%20all%3Aroads%20AND%20all%3Arooftops%20AND%20all%3Aclean%20AND%20all%3Aenergy%20AND%20all%3Apower&start=0&max_results=10 sha256=ca9ceee47c4b2af86356578fa25d7f7d76bd21fac36653076d7dc4b716030f8c",
      "api.crossref.org/works \"cover roads rooftops clean energy power\" url=https://api.crossref.org/works?query=cover%20roads%20rooftops%20clean%20energy%20power&rows=10&select=DOI,title sha256=7de87dcfc1f6eeb70b8c155d9740c4c83db0b15b83848fb0e63eddad17583129"
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    "detail": "Derived from finalized native work, tasks, claims and joined instances."
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